先期振动对高聚物胶凝堆石料动变形特性的影响

先期振动对土石坝地震变形影响显著。通过开展不同先期动应力作用下的动三轴试验,研究了先期振动对未加固堆石料和高聚物胶凝堆石料动变形特性的影响。结果表明:先期振动对未加固堆石料和高聚物胶凝堆石料的弹性轴应变无明显影响,但显著降低了其塑性轴应变;未加固堆石料和高聚物胶凝堆石料的残余变形在先期振动影响下显著减小,与未经受先期振动的试样相比,先期动应力为40%围压的试样,最大残余剪应变降低幅度和最大残余体应变降低幅度的平均值分别为48.1%和42.0%;先期动应力为80%围压的试样,最大残余剪应变降低幅度和最大残余体应变降低幅度的平均值分别为80.9%和71.6%。先期动应力幅值越大,再次经历动应力时未加固堆石料和高聚物胶凝堆石料产生的残余变形越小,抵抗变形能力提高越明显。最大残余变形的降低幅度与固结比、围压及高聚物含量无关。随后修正了沈珠江动残余变形模型,修正后的残余变形模型可以反映高聚物对堆石料残余剪应变和残余体应变的影响。与未经受先期振动的试样相比,先期动应力为40%围压的高聚物胶凝堆石料(高聚物质量比R_p=2%)的改进残余变形模型参数c₁和c₄分别降低了27.7%和61.2%;先期动应力为80%围压的高聚物胶凝堆石料(R_p=2%)的改进残余变形模型参数c₁和c₄分别降低了68.8%和79.3%。     

流线型钢箱梁涡激振动机理与气动控制措施

以某主跨390 m的独塔流线型钢箱梁斜拉桥为工程依托，采用风洞试验与计算流体动力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics，CFD）相结合的方法对流线型钢箱梁涡激振动机理与气动控制措施进行研究。首先，采用几何缩尺比为1∶30的主梁节段模型进行主梁涡振性能与气动控制措施优化研究；其次，采用CFD方法对主梁涡振响应进行流固耦合计算，将Newmark-β算法嵌入ANSYS Fluent用户自定义函数（User Defined Functions，UDFs）实现主梁结构振动响应求解，同时结合动网格技术实现主梁断面流固耦合分析；并根据判断条件来检索箱梁壁面上的网格单元，以获得主梁断面振动过程中的表面压力，然后结合主梁结构振动响应、表面压力以及流场特征等对主梁涡激振动机理进行分析。结果表明：该桥主梁原设计方案存在涡激共振现象，将梁底检修车轨道内移120 cm可有效抑制主梁涡振响应；主梁涡激振动响应的数值模拟结果与风洞试验结果吻合较好；检修车轨道内移120 cm后主要改变了箱梁下表面平均压力系数分布特性，且箱梁表面各测点脉动压力卓越频率不一致，有效减小了主梁涡激振动响应；流线型箱梁靠近迎风侧的“被动区域”对结构涡振响应贡献较小，背风侧“驱动区域”发生周期性旋涡脱落是影响流线型箱梁涡振的主要因素。     

Centrifuge modelling of pipe-soil interaction in clay with crust layer

Seabed in regions, such as the Gulf of Guinea and North West Shelf of Australia, may exhibit a crust layer where the undrained shear strength can be an order of magnitude higher than that of the immediately underlying sediment. This can complicate design of steel catenary risers, where fatigue depends on the cyclic vertical stiffness of the pipe-soil interaction. Potential punch-through of the riser into the underlying soft soil may invalidate design assumptions based on the pipe-soil stiffness within the crust layer. The long-term evolution of pipe-soil stiffness within the crust layer, which exhibits similar properties to an over-consolidated soil, is also poorly understood. This paper describes centrifuge model tests undertaken in a clay sample with a crust layer, simulating the punch-through process of a pipe under load control and investigating the pipe-soil stiffness during long-term cyclic loading tests under displacement control. Results confirm that the potential for punching-through the crust layer depends strongly on the relative ratio of pipe diameter to crust layer thickness. The long-term evolution of pipe-soil stiffness showed a steady increase after an initial remoulding stage in contractile soils (normally consolidated and lightly over-consolidated), but a steady reduction in the heavily over-consolidated, more dilatant, crust. The magnitude of pipe-soil stiffness changes (during both remoulding and reconsolidation) is governed by the over-consolidation ratio of the soil and the amplitude of the cyclic displacements. This study provides insights on the relevant cyclic stiffness to consider when assessing SCR fatigue life in over-consolidated soils and soils exhibiting a superficial crust layer.     

活塞风对地铁车站站台滑动门风压的影响

基于有限体积法建立了地铁车站三维静态数值计算模型,对列车阻塞隧道时站台滑动门所受的活塞风压进行了计算研究;分别对单、双两种活塞通风条件下,不同活塞风速、阻塞比、滑动门位置对滑动门所受风压的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,双活塞通风能够有效减弱活塞风对滑动门的风压;单活塞通风条件下,滑动门在最不利位置时,需克服的最大风压约为230 Pa。     

考虑实时浮态调整的散货船分舱优化

以某散货船为例,在船舶主尺度、船型参数和货舱总长度不变的情况下,将货舱间横舱壁的偏移距离作为优化参数,以船舶静水弯矩和静水剪力为目标函数进行优化,寻求使船舶静水载荷达到最小的横舱壁组合,并针对货物随着舱壁位置不同而引起的浮态变化,编写实时调整压载水的程序。该程序可应用在散货船的初步设计中,对船舶分舱设计和配载布置都具有指导性的意义。     

Experimental field study of floater motion effects on a main bearing in a full-scale spar floating wind turbine

In this paper we present a full-scale experimental field study of the effects of floater motion on a main bearing in a 6 MW turbine on a spar-type floating substructure. Floating wind turbines are necessary to access the full offshore wind power potential, but the characteristics of their operation leave a gap with respect to the rapidly developing empirical knowledge on operation of bottom-fixed turbines. Larger wind turbines are one of the most important contributions to reducing cost of energy, but challenge established drivetrain layouts, component size envelopes and analysis methods. We have used fibre optic strain sensor arrays to measure circumferential strain in the stationary ring in a main bearing. Strain data have been analysed in the time domain and the frequency domain and compared with data on environmental loads, floating turbine motion and turbine operation. The results show that the contribution to fluctuating strain from in-plane bending strain is two orders of magnitude larger than that from membrane strain. The fluctuating in-plane bending strain is the result of cyclic differences between blade bending moments, both in and out of the rotor plane, and is driven by wind loads and turbine rotation. The fluctuating membrane strain appears to be the result of both axial load from thrust, because of the bearing and roller geometry, and radial loads on the rotating bearing ring from total out-of-plane bending moments in the three blades. The membrane strain shows a contribution from slow-varying wind forces and floating turbine pitch motion. However, as the total fluctuating strain is dominated by the intrinsic effects of blade bending moments in these turbines, the relative effect of floater motion is very small. Mostly relevant for the intrinsic membrane strain, sum and difference frequencies appear in the measured responses as the result of nonlinear system behaviour. This is an important result with respect to turbine modelling and simulation, where global structural analyses and local drivetrain analyses are frequently decoupled.     

Environmental lumping for efficient fatigue assessment of large-diameter monopile wind turbines

Fatigue damage is one of the governing factors for the design of offshore wind turbines. However, the full fatigue assessment is a time-consuming task. During the design process, the site-specific environmental parameters are usually condensed by a lumping process to reduce the computational effort. Preservation of fatigue damage during lumping requires an accurate consideration of the met-ocean climate and the dynamic response of the structure. Two lumping methods (time-domain and frequency-domain) have been evaluated for a monopile-based 10 MW offshore wind turbine, both based on damage-equivalent contour lines. Fatigue damage from lumped load cases was compared to full long-term fatigue assessment. The lumping methods had an accuracy of 94–98% for the total long-term fatigue damage and 90% for individual wind speed classes, for aligned wind and waves. Fatigue damage was preserved with the same accuracy levels for the whole support structure. A significant reduction of computational time (93%) was achieved compared to a full long-term fatigue assessment. For the cases with 30° and 60° wind-wave misalignment, there was a mean underestimation of approximately 10%. Variations in penetration depth did not affect the selection of the lumped sea-state parameters. This work presents a straightforward method for the selection of damage-equivalent lumped load cases, which can adequately preserve long-term fatigue damage throughout the support structure, providing considerable reduction of computational effort.     

Validation and application of nonlinear hydrodynamics from CFD in an engineering model of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine

Nonlinear hydrodynamics play a significant role in accurate prediction of the dynamic responses of floating wind turbines (FWTs), especially near the resonance frequencies. This study investigates the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to improve an engineering model (based on potential flow theory with Morison-type drag) by modifying the second-order difference-frequency quadratic transfer functions (QTFs) and frequency-dependent added mass and damping for a semi-submersible FWT. The results from the original and modified engineering models are compared to experimental data from decay tests and irregular wave tests. In general, the CFD results based on forced oscillation tests suggest increasing the frequency-depending added mass and damping at low frequencies compared to first order potential flow theory. The modified engineering model predicts natural periods close to the experimental results in decay tests (within 5%), and the underprediction of the damping is reduced compared to the original engineering model. The motions, mooring line tensions and tower-base loads in the low-frequency response to an irregular wave are underestimated using the original engineering model. The additional linear damping increases this underestimation, while the modified QTFs based on CFD simulations of a fixed floater in bichromatic waves result in larger difference-frequency wave loads. The combined modifications give improved agreement with experimental data in terms of damage equivalent loads for the mooring lines and tower base.     

考虑均衡性的城市轨道交通线路负荷水平评估研究

线路负荷水平的评价工作是优化运输组织方案的重要前提。首先，本文分析了采用单一均值性指标表征负荷水平不能体现线路内负荷分布偏差的问题。为此，从城市轨道交通线路客流与运输能力匹配的角度出发，以列车负荷为评价单元，建立包括负荷均值和标准差率二维指标的线路负荷水平评估模型。负荷均值指标考虑了各评价单元加权计算，以反映每个评价单元对线路负荷水平的贡献程度，标准差率指标表征负荷均衡性。模型分析得出，线路所有区间的运力同等规模变化不影响标准差率指标，相对提高大客流区间或大客流方向上的输送能力能够改善线路负荷的均衡性。算例分析表明：客流方向不均衡系数超过 1.4 时，应考虑运力优化措施以提高运输能力利用的均衡；组织列车大小交路方案和不成对行车模式，能够提高线路负荷的均衡程度。     

Experimental study on seismic vibration control of an offshore wind turbine with TMD considering soil liquefaction effect

Wind energy is clean and sustainable. Taiwan is establishing offshore wind farms using wind turbines in the Taiwan Strait. However, these are located in an earthquake-prone area with sandy seabed conditions. To ensure their safety and reliability, the turbines’ support structure must be protected against wind, waves, and seismic loads. Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are commonly employed to reduce structural vibrations. A TMD is more simply incorporated into turbine structures than are other energy dissipation devices. In this study, a 1:25-scale test model with a TMD was constructed and subjected to shaking table tests to experimentally simulate the dynamic behavior of a typical 5-MW wind turbine with a jacket-type support structure and pile foundation. The scaled-down wind turbine model has a nacelle without rotating blades; therefore, the aerodynamic and rotational effects due to the rotating blades were ignored in this study. A large laminar shear box filled with saturated sandy ground was used to simulate the typical seabed conditions of Taiwanese offshore wind farms. The TMD system was designed to be tuned the first-mode frequency of the test model. Two ground accelerations, selected by considering wind farm site condition and near-fault characteristics, were used for excitation in the test. The responses of the test model with and without the TMD system were compared, and the influence of soil liquefaction on the effectiveness of TMD vibration control was addressed.